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Patrick Branwell Brontë (, ''commonly'' ;〔As given by ''Merriam-Webster Encyclopedia of Literature'' (Merriam-Webster, incorporated, Publishers: Springfield, Massachusetts, 1995), p viii: "When our research shows that an author's pronunciation of his or her name differs from common usage, the author's pronunciation is listed first, and the descriptor ''commonly'' precedes the more familiar pronunciation." See also entries on Anne, Charlotte and Emily Brontë, pp 175–176.〕 26 June 1817 – 24 September 1848) was an English painter and writer, the only son of the Brontë family, and brother of the writers Charlotte, Emily and Anne. Brontë was rigorously tutored at home by his father, and shared much of his sisters’ creative talent, earning praise for his poetry and translations from the classics. But he drifted between jobs, supporting himself by portrait-painting, and gave way to drug and alcohol addiction, apparently worsened by a failed relationship in private life, leading to early death. ==Youth== Branwell Brontë was the fourth of six children and the only son of Patrick Brontë (1777–1861) and his wife, Maria Branwell Brontë (1783–1821).〔Victor A. Neufeldt, "Brontë, (Patrick) Branwell (1817–1848)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. ((Online edition retrieved 26 August 2012 ))〕 He was born in Thornton, near Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire,〔 and moved with his family to Haworth when his father was appointed to the perpetual curacy in 1821. While four of his five sisters were sent to Cowan Bridge boarding school, Branwell was educated at home by his father,〔 who gave him a classical education. Elizabeth Gaskell, biographer of his sister, Charlotte Brontë, says of Branwell's schooling "Mr. Brontë's friends advised him to send his son to school; but, remembering both the strength of will of his own youth and his mode of employing it, he believed that Patrick was better at home, and that he himself could teach him well, as he had told others before."〔Gaskell, Elizabeth; "The Life of Charlotte Brontë", Penguin Books, 1998, ISBN 978-0-14-043493-4.〕 His two elder sisters died just before his eighth birthday in 1825, and their loss affected him deeply.〔 Even as a young boy Brontë read extensively, and was especially fond of the "Noctes Ambrosianae", literary dialogues published in ''Blackwood's Magazine''〔 He took leadership role with Charlotte in a series of fantasy role-playing games which the siblings wrote and performed about the "Young Men", characters based on a set of wooden soldiers. The plays evolved into an intricate saga based in West Africa about the fictitious Glasstown confederacy.〔 From 1834, he both collaborated and competed with his sister Charlotte to describe another imaginary world, ''Angria''.〔 Branwell's particular interest in these paracosms were their politics and wars, including the destructive rivalry between their heroes, Charlotte's Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Zamorna, and his Alexander Percy, earl of Northangerland.〔 These writings impress by their virtuosity and scope, but are also repetitive when compared to Charlotte's contributions.〔 Surrounded by female company and missing that of males, there are signs of pleasure in his early works of the wider options he would have due to his gender.〔 At aged 11 in January 1829 he began producing a magazine, later named "Branwell's Blackwood's Magazine" which included his poems, plays, criticisms, histories and dialogues.〔 Unlike his sisters, Brontë was not prepared for a specific career.〔 In his only real attempt to find work, on the death of James Hogg, a Blackwood's writer, the 18-year-old Brontë boldly wrote to the magazine suggesting himself as a replacement.〔〔 Between 1835 and 1842 Brontë wrote a total of six times to the magazine, sending poems and arrogantly offering his services.〔〔 His letters were left unanswered.〔 He began enjoying masculine company in the pubs in Haworth, and in February 1836 joined Haworth's Masonic Lodge of the Three Graces at the youngest possible age.〔 As a youth, Branwell Brontë received instruction from the portrait painter William Robinson.〔〔 In 1834 he painted a portrait of his three sisters. He included his own image but became dissatisfied with it and painted it out. This portrait is now one of the most famous and treasured images of the sisters and hangs in the National Portrait Gallery.〔 In 1835 he wrote a letter to the Royal Academy of Arts seeking to be admitted. Earlier biographers reported a move to London to study painting, which quickly ended following Brontë's dissolute spending on drink.〔 Other biographers speculated that he was too intimidated to present himself at the Academy. More recent scholarship suggests that Brontë did not send the letter or even make the trip to London.〔 According to Francis Leyland, Brontë's friend and a future biographer of the family, his first job was as an usher at a Halifax school.〔 More certainly, Brontë worked as a portrait painter in Bradford in 1838 and 1839.〔〔 Though certain of his paintings, for example that of his landlady Mrs. Kirby and a portrait of Emily show talent for comedic and serious styles, other portraits lack life.〔 He returned to Haworth in debt in 1839.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Branwell Brontë」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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